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妓女导航福利视频的简单介绍

hacker2022-06-24 23:09:27头条资讯87
本文目录一览:1、现在找女友不容易啊!做“婊子”的嫌贫爱富的多了去了2、

本文目录一览:

现在找女友不容易啊!做“婊子”的嫌贫爱富的多了去了

当然啊,现在女人都是非常非常的现实的,所谓的爱情有多重要都是电视剧编出来骗人的,现实上就算感情再好没钱也把你甩了,而且现实女人就是骗吃骗喝,整天男舔狗去舔女人,把女人地位舔高了,男舔狗还整天约女人出来,吃喝玩乐全部消费,而且还言听计从。现在的女人相亲吧,第一问工作怎么样,第二有房子吗,第三,车子呢,三样没有基本可以滚蛋了,,做女人真好,做男生太累,社会福利社保也占女性,法律也保护妇女法,家庭地位女性也高,社会地位更高,找工作容易。。男生如果赚不到钱的话,别想找女朋友了,女人太现实也非常渣,基本上90后和00后不说全部也有就成是渣女。

清倌儿是什么

清倌人即是只卖艺,不卖身的欢场女子。她们不光有着清丽脱俗的外表,也会读书写字、吟诗作画。

定律是为实践和事实所证明,反映事物在一定条件下发展变化的客观规律的论断。定律是一种理论模型,它用以描述特定情况、特定尺度下的现实世界,在其它尺度下可能会失效或者不准确。

没有任何一种理论可以描述宇宙当中的所有情况,也没有任何一种理论可能完全正确。人生同样有其客观规律可循。

一、生活定律 痛苦定律:死无疑是痛苦的,然而还有比死更痛苦的东西,那就是等死。

幸福定律:如果你不再总是想着自己是否幸福时,你就获得幸福了。

错误定律:人人都会有过失,但是,只有重复这些过失时,你才犯了错误。

沉默定律:在辩论时,沉默是一种最难驳倒的观点。

动力定律:动力往往只是起源于两种原因:希望,或者绝望。

受辱定律:受辱时的唯一办法是忽视它,不能忽视它时就藐视它;如果连藐视它也不能,那么你就只能受辱了。

愚蠢定律:愚蠢大多是在手脚或舌头运转得比大脑还快的时候产生的。

化妆定律:在修饰打扮上花费的时间有多少,你就需要掩饰的缺点也就有多少。

省时定律:要想学会最节省时间的办法,首先就需要学会说"不"。

地位定律:有人站在山顶上,有人站在山脚下,虽然所处的地位不同,但在两者的眼中所看到的对方,却是同样大小的。

失败定律:失败并不以为着浪费时间与生命,却往往意味着你又有理由去拥有新的时间与生命了。

谈话定律:最使人厌烦的谈话有两种:从来不停下来想想;或者,从来也不想停下来。

误解定律:被某个人误解,麻烦并不大;被许多人误解,那麻烦就大了。

结局定律:有一个可怕的结局,也比不上没有任何结局可怕。

二、工作定律

安全定律:最安全的单位几十年没有得过安全奖(最安全证明你们安全没有做工作)

需要定律:同样两个相同的单位,同样的办公费。多少年以后,发生了变化(证明你们单位办公不需要那么多的钱)出来反对,这种成功的概论会归结为零。

评比定律:领导认为谁好,谁就好。(只要领导看你不顺眼,再辛辛苦苦地工作也是白费力气。)

一票否决定律:在一个单位,比如升工资,比如提拔任用,一个人提出来,往往成功的概率最大,而另一个人站

接受教育定律:每个单位都有吊儿郎当不好好干工作的人。但领导往往在批评这些人的时候,这些人恰恰不在场,于是,便出现了遵纪守法的人,经常接受教育的尴尬局面。

哭闹定律;那个部门没有几个因为经常的哭闹而得到了实惠,他有什么理由不经常哭闹下去。(此定理也适用那些经常在领导面前叫苦叫累的部门)

能者多劳定律:在同一科室里,有的人虽然在其岗,但却不能胜任本职工作,那他的工作只能由能胜任该项工作的人去代劳。

不平衡定律:年年当先进的部门或个人,一年没有当先进便想不通;从未当先进的部门或个人,当上先进后便想不到。

少劳多得定律:一般的单位,都分为合同工、(过去称为正式工)协议工、临时工等等。拿钱越少的工作量越大,而且越容易被解雇;拿钱越多的越没有多少事情可干,而且最不容易被解雇。

child labor

Child labour

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A young boy recycling garbage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2006

Child labour, or child labor, refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during industrialization, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.

Child labour is common in some parts of the world, and can be factory work, mining,[1] prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a store's products, or cleaning. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, "selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses—far from the reach of official labour inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family poverty there will be child labor. [2]

According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 158 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour.[3]

Banana

Main article: Children's rights

The United Nations and the International Labor Organization consider child labour exploitative,[4][5] with the UN stipulating, in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child that:

...States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. Although globally there is an estimated 250 milllion children working.[5]

The first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain in the first half of the 19th century. Children younger than nine were not allowed to work and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours.[6]

In many developed countries,[7] it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works, excluding household chores or schoolwork. An employer is often not allowed to hire a child below a certain age. This minimum age depends on the country; child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without parents' consent and restrictions at age 16.

During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions.[8] Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while some poorer countries may allow or tolerate it.

In the 1990s every country in the world except for Somalia and the United States became a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC. However according to the United Nations Foundation Somalia signed the convention in 2002, the delay of the signing was believed to been due to Somalia not having a government to sign the convention [9]. The CRC provides the strongest,[citation needed] most consistent[citation needed] international legal language prohibiting illegal child labour; however it does not make child labour illegal.

A boy repairing a tire in Gambia

Poor families often rely on the labours of their children for survival, and sometimes it is their only source of income. This type of work is often hidden away because it is not always in the industrial sector. Child labour is employed in subsistence agriculture and in the urban informal sector; child domestic work is also important. In order to benefit children, child labour prohibition has to address the dual challenge of providing them with both short-term income and long-term prospects. Some youth rights groups, however, feel that prohibiting work below a certain age violates human rights, reducing children's options and leaving them subject to the whims of those with money.[citation needed]

In 1999 the Global March Against Child Labour the movement began with a worldwide march when thousands of people marched together to jointly put forth the message against child labour. The march, which started on January 17, 1998, touched every corner of the globe, built immense awareness and led to high level of participation from the masses. This march finally culminated at the ILO Conference in Geneva. The voice of the marchers was heard and reflected in the draft of the ILO Convention against the worst forms of child labour. The following year, the Convention was unanimously adopted at the ILO Conference in Geneva. Today, with 169 countries having ratified the convention so far, it has become the fastest ratified convention in the history of ILO. A large role in this was played by the Global March through our member partners.

In an influential paper on "The Economics of Child Labor" in the American Economic Review (1998), Kaushik Basu and Pham Hoang Van argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty. That being so, they caution against the use of a legislative ban against child labour, and argue that should be used only when there is reason to believe that a ban on child labour will cause adult wages to rise and so compensate adequately the households of the poor children. Child labour is still widely used today in many countries, including India and Bangladesh. CACL estimated that there are between 70 and 80 million child labourers in India.[10] Even though the respective national laws state that no child under the age of 14 may work, the law is often ignored. Children as young as 11 go to work for up to 20 hours a day in sweatshops making items for US companies, such as Hanes, Wal-mart, and Target. They get paid as little as 1 cent per item produced.

Companies use children because they're cheaper to hire than adults. Companies that produce massive amounts of products like shoes and clothes often use these illegal techniques to have more profit.

Child labour happens for 61% in Asia, 32% in Africa, and 7% in Latin America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations In Asia, 22% of the workforce is children. In Latin America, 17% of the workforce is children. The proportion of child laborers varies a lot among countries and even regions inside those countries.

To stop child labour the police often checks on factories that are suspected to use children.

Contents

[hide]

* 1 Child labour in Victorian Britain

* 2 Defense of child labour

* 3 See also

* 4 References

* 5 External links

[edit] Child labour in Victorian Britain

Main article: Victorian era

The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps.[11] Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in the Blacking Factory, with his family in debtor's prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs and low wages.[12]

Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods.[12] Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th Century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.[13] Children as young as three were put to work. In coal mines children began work at the age of five and generally died before the age of 25. Many children (and adults) worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a royal commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11-18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9-11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. [13]

This order by the Honourable Chief Justice comes when the government is taking an extremely retrogressive stance on the issue of child labour in sweatshops in India and threatening 'retaliatory measures' against child rights organisations. [3]

In a parallel development, Global March Against Child Labour and BBA are in dialogue with the GAP Inc. and other stakeholders to work out a positive strategy to prevent the entry of child labour in to sweatshops and device a mechanism of monitoring and remedial action. GAP Inc. Senior Vice President, Dan Henkle in a statement said: "We have been making steady progress, and the children are now under the care of the local government. As our policy requires, the vendor with which our order was originally placed will be required to provide the children with access to schooling and job training, pay them an ongoing wage and guarantee them jobs as soon as they reach the legal working age. We will now work with the local government and with Global March to ensure that our vendor fulfils these obligations." [4] [5]

Austrian school economist Murray Rothbard also defended child labor, stating that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went "voluntarily and gladly" to work in factories.[18]

However, the British historian and socialist E.P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider (waged) labor market.[8] Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed. Economic historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that:

"Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labor had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global."[17]

Child laborers on a farm in Maine, October 1940

Big Bill Haywood, a leading labor organizer and leader of the Western Federation of Miners and a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World famously claimed "the worst thief is he who steals the playtime of children!" [19]

According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes -- and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.

童工

维基百科,自由的百科全书

跳转到: 导航, 搜索

童工 是指雇用/利用儿童从事经济生产活动,包括当童星、报童、少年兵、工厂工人等。 此类童工是指小于合法年龄的人,例如18岁或者20岁,包括青少年及儿童。在很长一段时间,童工并不被认为是一个问题,当义务教育和劳工与儿童权利深入人心以后,这才成为一个广为争论的话题。

童工的工资一般比较成年人为低,不过,著名的童星是例外,比如哈利波特男主角。 因此雇用童工被很多国际组织认为是剥削行径,比如联合国,国际劳工组织。

童工的最常见形式是少年兵和雏妓,其次是合法的儿童演员和歌手,还有就是在学校假期时进行的农业、工业劳作。一些协助家人工作,如到家人开设的商店帮忙的儿童也算是童工的一类。

童工在不少战乱国家地区是常见的,因为成年人非自然死亡,人均寿命短,成年人生产力少,“穷苦家庭早当家”,家中没有生产力,只有儿童或老人。 在没有社会福利安全网的地区(第三世界),被发达国家强权禁止童工,又是另一种无奈。

童工之害:儿童没有受教育的机会,他们在成长期失去学习广泛文化知识的机会,令当地区无望转营成为知识型经济社会。

目录

[隐藏]

* 1 分类

* 2 工种分类

o 2.1 轻量工作(light work)

o 2.2 危险工作(hazardous work)

o 2.3 最恶劣形式的工作(the worst form of work)

* 3 为什么有童工?

o 3.1 政府并未严格执行有关公约

o 3.2 家庭贫穷

o 3.3 社会制度

o 3.4 童工的工作待遇较差

o 3.5 工作性质

* 4 对禁止童工政策的不同意见

* 5 相关

* 6 外部参考

[编辑] 分类

根据国际劳工组织(International Labour Organization)公约138及182条,童工可分为三类:

* 11岁或以下、从事任何经济活动的儿童;

* 12至14岁、从事适量“轻量工作”(light work)以外的经济活动的儿童;

* 18岁以下、从事任何“危险工作”(hazardous work)的儿童。

[编辑] 工种分类

根据国际劳工标准,尽管儿童可以工作,可是工种的危险程度以及对儿童身心的影响程度是相当关键的。工作普遍分为三类,包括“轻量工作”(light work)、“危险工作”(hazardous work)和“最恶劣形式的工作”(the worst form of work):

[编辑] 轻量工作(light work)

这是指该工作不会损害工作者的健康和发展,并且不阻碍他们上学和接受职业培训的机会。 一般国家都会容许13至15岁的儿童从事“轻量工作”,但有关工作时数和种类则因地而异。而这些工作可包括家务清洁、轻巧的农耕种植工作、店务员、售票员、送报员、包装、运送等。

[编辑] 危险工作(hazardous work)

不论是工作性质本身或是工作地点,只要会危及工作者的健康、安全、心理或不道德的,这类工作便属于“危险工作”。 国际劳工组织建议各国必需立法规管“危险工作”,并只能让18岁或以上的人士从事这些工作。一般来说,这些工作包括采矿、编织毛毯、制造砖块和玻璃、建造业、制造业、贩卖酒精、水底工作(underwater work)、控制机械、街头贩卖及娱乐事业(如在夜总会、酒吧、赌场、马戏团等工作)等。

[编辑] 最恶劣形式的工作(the worst form of work)

这些工作包括将人当作奴隶、贩卖、用作抵债;强迫参与战争;卖淫、从事色情事业;制造或贩卖毒品,以及所有危及工作者的健康、安全、心理或不道德的工作。 而所有18岁以下的青少年是严禁参与或从事这类工作。(当然,就算是成年人也不能从事卖淫、制造或贩卖毒品以及所有危及工作者的健康、安全、心理或不道德的工作。【部分国家法律除外】)

[编辑] 为什么有童工?

尽管有相当多国家签定了《儿童权利公约》和国际劳工组织公约,为什么至今世界上,仍有众多儿童因工作而失去上学和接受职业培训的机会,有些更因此而健康受损、心灵受创,甚至失去性命?

[编辑] 政府并未严格执行有关公约

《儿童权利公约》和国际劳工组织公约的缔约国,需要因应公约的要求,制订相关法律以禁止国内使用童工和保障工作的儿童利益。然而,国法虽存,政府却因为各种问题而未有严格执行。 可是,实际执行以上法规的工作,政府交由当地劳动监察部门和公安局、贸易发展局、工商行政管理局、教育局等部门负责,而这些部门的人手严重不足,以致难于执法。

[编辑] 家庭贫穷

家庭贫穷是迫使儿童要工作的最主要原因。国际劳工组织在1996年的调查发现,儿童的薪酬占整个贫困家庭收入的五分一至四分一。这收入对不少贫穷户来说,可算举足轻重。贫困户不单缺乏资产,不少更落入欠债的困境当中。为偿还家庭的债务,家人让儿童成为“抵债童工”,要儿童为债主工作或是卖儿童给债主以抵销债务。

[编辑] 社会制度

在一些贫穷国家,政府法例是容许有童工的。 此外,不少贫穷国家也鼓励儿童当家佣,儿童的父母一般也认为这能改善孩子的生活质素,因为雇主会供应孩子衣食住行各方面的需要。可是,不少儿童佣工却因此陷入低工资、遭虐打或性侵犯,甚至是成为妓女的开始。

[编辑] 童工的工作待遇较差

国际劳工组织发现,不论是高危工作如采矿,或是简单工作如包装等,成人都是与儿童一起工作。尽管成人可以取代儿童进行这些工作,可是雇主为减低成本,于是雇用童工,因为童工的工资往往比成人少。 更重要的是,童工比较单纯和可靠,对雇员权利的认识亦较少,故此他们比成年工人更愿意受雇主控制,如愿意加班、不会旷工、不会组织工会及不会偷窃等。

[编辑] 工作性质

童工较多受聘于低技术、劳工密集的行业,例如服务业、餐饮业和制造业等。因为这些行业工作的前线工人,学历高低不是受聘与否的关键,也不会影响工作质素。此外,有些行业如足球生产、在衣服上钉珠等工作,雇主一般相信只有拥有轻巧、灵活双手的儿童才能做得好,故此聘用了大量低学历的童工。

[编辑] 对禁止童工政策的不同意见

部份新自由主义经济学者反对所有对劳动市场的管制,包括禁止童工。如米尔顿·佛利民和瓦特·布拉克所著《百辩经济学》(Defending the Undefendable)中都主张,禁止童工的法令反而会剥夺贫穷儿童求生存的机会,强制儿童去学校受教育而不允许工作,对儿童不一定是最好的选择。香港富商黎智英曾说:“我当过月入港币六十元的童工。那个时候要是有了法定最低工资,哪怕法定水平是月薪一百元吧,谁会多花四十元雇用我这个不懂事的十二岁小孩?找不到工作糊口,要不是饿死街头,我便大有可能铤而走险、作奸犯科了。”(《“争取最低工资”,壹周刊》第869期,2006.11.2)。

阿拉伯地区有没有本民族的性工作者

有,而且是非常漂亮,虽然《可兰经》规定不准奸淫,可是阿拉伯人世风日下,,阿拉伯男子嫖妓得多了,阿拉伯女子也当妓女了

福舞妓在日本有什么特殊的含义吗

舞 妓是一种职业。一般大家在电视里经常见到的,一些军官喝酒欣赏的跳舞的女子。在现在如果去京都也可以看到很多。

日语可以读 ma yi ko。原来的字是【舞子】,由于日本投降后儿童福利法和劳动基准法的规定,把有儿童之意的子改成【妓】。

【福舞 妓】的福(不知道你在什么语境下看到)可以理解为【おふく(o fu ku)】的汉字【福】,指的是舞妓头后面的很讲究的发髻。但这必须是在成为舞妓2~3年以后才能梳的发型。所以你说的【福舞妓】应该是从事舞妓之后2~3以上的人。

哪些国家的妓院是合法的?

妓女真正合法的只有德国和荷兰。

欧洲色情业完全合法的国家是荷兰和德国。其中又以荷兰最具有代表性。由于政府“因势利导”的政策,使得荷兰的色情业以及与毒品相关的情况倍受世人的瞩目。荷兰政府对色情业进行正规、有序的管理,双方均可从中获利,另外,这种政策也使性犯罪的数量处于较低水平。目前,在荷兰的大城市都有成规模的红灯区,许多外国游客为此特地前往荷兰。其中,阿姆斯特丹的红灯区规模相对较大,在欧洲也比较有名气。

在德国,施罗德政府在2001年通过一项法律,保护妓女的工作权利,并使她们享有社会安全福利。卖淫在德国是合法的。德国的妓女们可以与嫖客签订合约,若嫖客事后拒绝付款,妓女们则可根据合约对其进行指控。

色情业处于半合法或灰色地带的国家

在奥地利色情业不属于违法,但该行业的从业人员须进行登记,每周进行一次体检并缴纳人头税。奥地利政府对于街头流莺也不加以禁止。但规定妓女必须在离学校、教堂和公车站500米开外的安全距离内拉客。工作时间也有规定:从晚上9点到凌晨4、5点。奥地利政府还有一条特殊规定:即同一娱乐场所不能既提供性服务同时又出售含酒精饮料。但这一规定正在被逐渐打破

在中立国瑞士色情业也是半公开的,但与奥地利类似,从业的妓女必须公开登记并时常受到警方、医疗部门和保险公司的监控。她们也必须缴纳增值税,约占其总收入的6.5%。瑞士的法律反对性剥削,对老鸨和拉皮条者进行严厉打击。

英国法律并不禁止色情业,在伦敦的soho区不仅有正规的俱乐部,也有专门提供性服务的民宅英国的执法部门经常对这些出租屋进行突击性检查,不过出动的都是税警。在突击行动中被捕的嫖客将很快被释放,而那些妓女则可能因为受到偷税漏税的指控而面临牢狱之灾

捷克加入欧盟,如今这个国家已经成为前苏联一些东欧国家性工作者的重要集散地和目的地。大量德国人驾驶汽车来到这里,并在这些星罗棋布的停车点里寻欢。捷克西部临国的这些人主要是受捷克低廉的物价所吸引,他们来到当地加油,同时也满足了他们的性需求。卖淫在当地是一个灰色行业,虽然属于非法,但当地警方总是对此睁一只眼闭一只眼。许多来自东欧国家妇女在这里从事非法卖淫活动。捷克深受德国影响,现在议会正在讨论色情业合法化的问题,它很有可能在几年之内成为欧洲同时也是全世界第三个宣布红灯区合法的国家。

欧洲唯一禁止色情业的国家是法国!法国政府在关闭许多色情经营场所的同时加大了执法力度,并试图从源头上制止卖淫现象的发生。法国于2002年通过的相关法律规定,最高可对嫖客处以1年监禁和高达15,000欧元的罚款,但对于“被动进入色情行业”的妓女处罚却只有半年监禁和3500欧元的罚款

日本有着世界上少有的庞大的色情业市场,日本称之为“风俗业”。有消息称,日本每年色情业的规模大约在900亿美元。在日本,大小车站附近随处可见的“风俗业一条街”足以说明日本国民对色情行业的接受和包容程度,这是日本性奴隶问题严重的社会根源。对于这种现象,日本国会议员大胁雅子指出,这是因为日本一直属于传统的男性支配型社会,男女不平等的社会结构使日本社会特别能容忍色情业的存在

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    ce in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or glo

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    boy recycling garbage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2006Child labour, or child labor, re

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    u and Pham Hoang Van argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty. That being so, they caution against the use of